ʻO ka pepa kūlana o ka IAOMT e kūʻē i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluoride aia ma luna o 500 mau huaʻōlelo a hāʻawi i ka noiʻi ʻepekema kikoʻī e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino e pili ana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka fluoride.
ʻO ka pepa kūlana o ka IAOMT e kūʻē i nā 500 mau kaha puanaʻī a hāʻawi i ka noiʻi ʻepekema kikoʻī e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino e pili ana i ka hōʻike fluoride.
ʻO Fluorine (F) ka mea ʻeiwa o ka papa manawa a he lālā ia o ka ʻohana halogen. Loaʻa iā ia kahi paona atomika o 18.9984, ʻo ia ka mea reactive o nā mea āpau āpau, a hana i nā paʻa electronegative ikaika. Hoʻohui ʻia ia i nā cations divalent o ka calcium a me ka magnesium. I kona kūlana manuahi, fluorine kahi mea ʻona nui, a me ke kinoea melemele diatomic. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka fluorine i kona kūlana manuahi i ke kūlohelohe no ka mea aneane hui mau ia me nā mea ʻē aʻe ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka reactivity. Kū pinepine ʻo Fluorine ma ke ʻano he mau minelala
fluorspar (CaF2), cryolite (Na3AlF6), a me fluorapatite (3Ca3 (PO4) 2 Ca (F, Cl) 2), a ʻo ia ka 13th mau mea nui ma ka honua.
ʻO Fluoride (F-) kahi ion kemika o ka fluorine i loaʻa kahi electron keu, a laila hāʻawi iā ia i kahi uku maikaʻi ʻole. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe ma mua o kona kūlohelohe ʻana i nā minelala, a me ka lepo, ka wai, a me ka ea, synthesize ʻia hoʻi ka fluoride no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai fluoridation kaiāulu, nā huahana niho, a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe. Fluoride ʻaʻole pono ia no ka ulu ʻana a ulu ʻana o kānaka.1
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole koi ʻia no kekahi hana physiological i ke kino o ke kanaka; a laila, ʻaʻohe mea e ʻeha i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka fluoride. I ka 2014, ʻo Kauka Philippe Grandjean o ke Kula Nui ʻo Harvard no ke olakino lehulehu a me Dr. Philip J. Landrigan o ke Kula Lapaʻau ʻo Icahn ma Mount Sinai i hōʻike ʻia ʻo fluoride ma kekahi o nā kemika hana 12 i ʻike ʻia e hoʻokumu i nā neurotoxicity ulu i loko o nā kānaka. 2
Māhele 5.1: Fluoridation Wai Kaiāulu
I ke komohana o ʻEulopa, ua ʻike ākea kekahi mau aupuni i nā pōʻino o ka fluoride, a ʻo 3% wale nō o ka heluna o ko ʻEulopa heluna inu i ka wai fluoridated. 133 Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻoi aku ma kahi o 66% o ko ʻAmelika e inu nei i ka wai fluoridated. .134 135 Eia nō naʻe, hoʻokumu ka US Public Health Service (PHS) i nā wai fluoride i manaʻo ʻia i ka wai inu kaiāulu no ka poʻe i koho e fluoridate, a hoʻonohonoho ka Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) i nā pae haumia no ka wai inu lehulehu.
Ma hope o ka fluoridation wai ma Grand Rapids, Michigan, i hoʻomaka ma 1945, ua hoʻolaha ka hana i nā wahi a puni ka ʻāina i nā makahiki i hala. Ua paipai ʻia kēia mau hoʻoikaika ʻana e ka Public Health Service (PHS) i nā makahiki 1950, 137 a i ka 1962, ua hoʻopuka ka PHS i nā kūlana no ka fluoride i ka wai inu e kū no 50 mau makahiki. Ua ʻōlelo lākou e pale ka fluoride i nā caries niho138 a ʻo nā pae maikaʻi loa o ka fluoride i hoʻohui ʻia i ka wai inu e kau ma waena o 0.7 a 1.2 milligrams i kēlā me kēia lita. 139 Akā, ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ka PHS i kēia ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i ka pae hoʻokahi o 0.7 milligrams i kēlā me kēia lita ma 2015 ma muli o kahi hoʻonui i ka fluorosis kahua niho (hōʻino mau i nā niho e hiki ke hana ʻia i nā keiki mai ka hōʻike ākea i ka fluoride) a i ka hoʻonui ʻia o nā kumuwaiwai o ka fluoride i nā ʻAmelika.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke kānāwai wai inu wai palekana ma 1974 e pale ai i ka maikaʻi o ka wai inu ʻAmelika, a ua ʻae ʻia ka EPA e hoʻoponopono i ka wai inu lehulehu. No ka mea
o kēia kānāwai, hiki i ka EPA ke hoʻonohonoho i nā pae haumia i hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia (MCL) no ka wai inu, a me nā pahuhopu pae palena palena ʻole e hiki ʻole ke hoʻokō ʻia (MCLGs) a me nā kūlana wai inu nonenforceable o nā pae kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe (SMCLs) .141 Hōʻike ka EPA ʻo ka MCLG "ke kiʻekiʻena kiʻekiʻe o kahi mea haumia i ka wai inu kahi i ʻike ʻole ʻia ai a kuhi ʻia paha ka hopena maikaʻi ʻole i ke olakino o nā kānaka, e ʻae ana i kahi palena kūpono o ka palekana." 142 Hoʻohui ʻia, ua kūpono ka EPA i nā ʻōnaehana wai kaiāulu i ʻoi aku i ka MCL no ka fluoride "pono e hoʻomaopopo i nā poʻe i lawelawe ʻia e kēlā ʻōnaehana ke hiki ke hana, akā ma mua o 30 mau lā ma hope o ka ʻike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana i ka hana hewa." 143
I ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻonohonoho ka EPA i kahi pae haumia nui (MCL) no ka fluoride i ka wai inu ma 1.4 a 2.4 miligram i kēlā me kēia lita. 144 Ua hoʻokumu lākou i kēia palena e pale ai i nā hihia o ka maʻi fluorosis o nā niho. I ka makahiki 1981, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻo South Carolina ʻo ka fluorosis niho wale nō ka cosmetic, a ua noi ka mokuʻāina i ka EPA e hoʻopau i ka MCL no ka fluoride. 145 ʻO ka hopena, i ka makahiki 1985, ua hoʻokumu ka EPA i kahi pahuhopu pae haumia kiʻekiʻe (MCLG) no ka fluoride ma 4 milligrams i kēlā me kēia lita. 146 Ma kahi o ka fluorosis niho e lawelawe ana ma ke ʻano he wahi hopena pale (kahi e koi ai i nā pae palekana haʻahaʻa), ua hoʻokumu ʻia kēia pae kiʻekiʻe ma ke ʻano he mea e pale aku ai i ka fluorosis iwi, kahi maʻi iwi i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka fluoride nui. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluorosis iwi e like me ka hopena i hopena i kahi hoʻololi no ka MCL no ka fluoride, i hāpai ʻia i 4 milligrams i kēlā me kēia lita i ka makahiki 1986. 147, ua noi ʻia ka fluorosis niho e like me ka hopena no ka SMCL no fluoride o 2 milligrams i kēlā me kēia lita, ka mea hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ka makahiki 1986. 148
Ua kū ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma luna o kēia mau rula hou a ua hopena i nā hana kū kānāwai i ka EPA. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo South Carolina ʻaʻohe mea e pono ai no MCLG (pahuhopu pae pae kiʻekiʻe ʻoi loa) no ka fluoride, ʻoiai ua kūʻē ka ʻAha Kūkākūkā Kūlohelohe Kūlohelohe e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka MCLG ma muli o ka fluorosis niho. 149 Ua hoʻoholo ka ʻaha i ka makemake o ka EPA, akā i ka loiloi i nā kūlana fluoride, ua kāhea ka EPA i ka National Research Council (NRC) o ka National Academy of Science e loiloi hou i nā pilikia olakino o fluoride. 150 151
ʻO ka hōʻike mai ka National Research Council, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 2006, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka EPA MCLG (pahuhopu pae pae palena nui) no ka fluoride. 152 Ma waho aʻe o ka ʻike ʻana i ka hiki no ka hopena o ka fluoride a me ka osteosarcoma (kahi maʻi ʻaʻa iwi), ka 2006 Ua hōʻike ʻo National Research Council i nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā hopena musculoskeletal, nā hānau a me nā hopena ulu, neurotoxicity a me nā hopena neurobeh behavioral, genotoxicity a me carcinogenicity, a me nā hopena ma nā ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe. 153
Ua hoʻoholo ka NRC e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka MCLG no ka fluoride ma 2006, akā e hoʻohaʻahaʻa ana ka EPA i ka pae. 154 Ma 2016, ka Fluoride Action Network, ka IAOMT, a me kekahi mau hui ʻē aʻe a me nā kānaka i noi i ka EPA e pale aku i ka lehulehu, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā subpopulation, mai nā pilikia neurotoxic o fluoride ma o ka pāpā ʻana i ke kumu kūpono o ka fluoride i ka wai inu.155 Ua hōʻole ʻia ka palapala noi e ka EPA ma Pepeluali 2017.156
Māhele 5.2: Ka wai ʻōmole
E like me ka niho ʻāpala a me nā huahana niho he nui, hiki i ka wai ʻōmole ke komo i ka fluoride.
Na ke Aupuni ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau (FDA) ke kuleana e hōʻoia i ke kūlike o nā kūlana no ka wai ʻōmole me nā kūlana no ka wai piula i hoʻonoho ʻia e ka EPA 157 a me nā pae i hōʻike ʻia e ka US Public Health Service (PHS). 158 ʻAe ka FDA i ka wai ʻōmole i kū i kāna mau hae 159 e hoʻokomo i ka ʻōlelo e ʻōlelo nei e hiki i ka inu ʻana i ka wai fluoridated ke hoʻemi i ka makaʻu o ka pala o ka niho.160
Māhele 5.3: Mea ʻai
Ua hoʻoholo ka FDA e kaupalena i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā hui fluorine i ka meaʻai no ka pono o ke olakino lehulehu ma 1977. 161 Eia nō naʻe, aia nō ka fluoride i ka meaʻai ma muli o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai fluoridated, pili i nā pesticides a me nā mea momona, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe. I ka 2004, ka United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) i hoʻokumu i kahi waihona o nā pae fluoride i loko o nā mea inu a me nā meaʻai, a ua paʻi ʻia kahi hōʻike me nā palapala kikoʻī i ka makahiki 2005.162 ʻOiai he mea nui kēia hōʻike, aia paha nā pae o ka fluoride i nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu. ua hoʻonui ʻia i loko o nā makahiki he 163 i hala aku nei ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻia o fluoride i loko o nā pesticides i hōʻoia hou ʻia. 164 ʻO kekahi mau mea hoʻohui meaʻai ʻole i hoʻohana ʻia i kēia manawa aia pū kekahi me fluoride.
Hoʻohui ʻia, i ka makahiki 2006, ua paipai ka National Research Council e "kōkua i ke kuhi ʻana i kēlā me kēia fluoride mai ke komo ʻana, pono nā mea hana a me nā mea hana e hāʻawi i ka ʻike e pili ana i ka ʻike fluoride o nā meaʻai kalepa a me nā mea inu." 165 Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e hana ʻia kēia i kēlā me kēia manawa i ka kokoke wā e hiki mai ana. I ka makahiki 2016, ua hoʻoponopono hou ka FDA i ka pono no ka lepili ʻai ʻana no nā lepili Nutration and Supplement Facts a ua hoʻoholo ʻia he manawaleʻa nā hoʻolaha no nā huahana me nā fluoride a me nā huahana me fluoride kūlohelohe. 166 I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole hoʻokumu ka FDA kahi waiwai kūmole o kēlā me kēia lā (DRV) no ka fluoride
Ma ka ʻokoʻa, i ka 2016, pāpā ka FDA i ka perfluoroalkyl ethyl i loaʻa nā mea pili i ka meaʻai (PFCSs), i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka aila a me ka wai e hoʻopale ai no ka pepa a me ka pepa. 168 Ua hana ʻia kēia hana ma muli o ka hopena o ka ʻike kino a me kahi palapala hoʻopiʻi i waiho ʻia e ka ʻAoʻao Kūʻai Kūʻai Kūlohelohe a me nā hui ʻē aʻe.
Ma mua o kēia mau manaʻo no ka fluoride i ka meaʻai, ke hoʻokumu nei i nā pae palekana o ka fluoride i nā meaʻai ma muli o nā pesticides i kaʻana ʻia e FDA, EPA, a me ka lawelawe palekana a me ka nānā ʻana o ka meaʻai o ka US ʻoihana mahiʻai.
Māhele 5.4: Pesticides
Pono e hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia nā pesticides i kūʻai ʻia a hāʻawi ʻia paha i ka US me ka EPA, a hiki i ka EPA ke hoʻokumu i nā hoʻomanawanui no ke koena pesticide inā manaʻo ʻia he "palekana" nā hōʻike mai nā meaʻai.
E pili ana i kēia, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā pesticides ʻelua i loaʻa i ka fluoride:
1) Ua hoʻopaʻa inoa mua ʻia ʻo Sulfuryl fluoride i ka makahiki 1959 no ka mālama ʻana i ka lāʻau i loko o nā hale lāʻau171 a i ka makahiki 2004/2005 no ka mālama ʻana i nā mea kolo i nā meaʻai i hana ʻia, e like me nā hua cereal, nā hua maloʻo, nā kumu lāʻau, nā pīni koko, nā pīni kope, a me nā meaʻai lawelawe ʻana a me nā wahi hana meaʻai. 172 ʻO nā hihia o ka lāʻau make kanaka a hiki i ka make, ʻoiai pinepine ʻole, ua hoʻopili ʻia me ka sulfuryl fluoride e pili ana i nā hale i mālama ʻia me ka pesticide.173 Ma 2011, ma muli o ka noiʻi hou a me nā hopohopo i hāpai ʻia e ka Fluoride Action Network ( FAN), ua noi ka EPA ʻaʻole pili hou nā sulfuryl fluoride i nā kūlana palekana a pono e huki ʻia nā hoʻomanawanui no kēia pesticide.174 I ka makahiki 2013, ua hoʻokumu ka ʻoihana pesticide i kahi hana lobbying nui e hoʻokahuli i ka noi a EPA e hoʻopau i ka fluoride sulfuryl, a me ka Ua hoʻohuli ʻia ka noi ʻo EPA e kahi hoʻolako i hoʻopili ʻia i ka Bila Mahiʻai 2014
2) ʻO Cryolite, i loaʻa ka sodium aluminium fluoride, kahi insecticide i hoʻopaʻa inoa mua ʻia me ka EPA ma 1957.176 Cryolite ʻo ia ka pesticide nui fluoride i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ulu ʻana o ka meaʻai ma ka US (ʻoiai ʻo sulfuryl fluoride e hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he fumigant ma hope o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i nā meaʻai) . Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cryolite ma nā citrus a me nā hua pōhaku, nā mea kanu, nā hua, a me nā hua waina, 177 a hiki i ka poʻe ke hōʻike ʻia ma o kā lākou papaʻai, ʻoiai hiki i ka cryolite ke waiho i nā koena fluoride i ka meaʻai i noi ʻia ai. sulfuryl fluoride, ua manaʻo pū ka EPA e haʻalele i nā hoʻomanawanui fluoride āpau i nā pesticides.178 No laila ua hoʻopili ʻia kēia i ka cryolite; akā naʻe, e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ua hoʻokahuli ʻia kēia noi.
Māhele 5.5: Nā Huahana Niho no ka Hoʻohana ma ka Home
Pono ka FDA i ka lepili ʻana no "nā huahana lāʻau anticaries" i kūʻai aku ʻia ma kahi kūʻai aku, e like me ka ʻāpala niho a me ka holoi niho. Koho ʻia nā huaʻōlelo kikoʻī no ka lepili ʻana e ke ʻano o ka
huahana (ie gel a kāpili a holoi ʻia), a me ka nui o ka fluoride (ie 850-1,150 ppm, 0.02% sodium fluoride, a pēlā aku.). Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia hoʻi nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo 180 e nā hui makahiki (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻelua mau makahiki a ʻoi paha, ma lalo o ʻeono. , 12 mau makahiki a ʻoi aku, a pēlā aku). Pili kekahi mau ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i nā huahana āpau, e like me kēia:
(1) No nā huahana dentifrice fluoride (gel, kāpili, a me ka pauka) nā huahana. “E mālama i ka hiki ʻole i nā keiki ma lalo o 6 mau makahiki. [kahi ʻia i ke ʻano wiwo ʻole] Inā ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana no ka palaki ʻana e ale wale ʻia, e kiʻi i ke kōkua lapaʻau a i ʻole e hoʻopili koke aku i kahi Poison Control Center.
(2) No nā holoi holoi fluoride āpau a me nā huahana gel hoʻomalu pale pale. “E mālama i ka hiki ʻole i nā keiki. [kahi ʻia ma ke ʻano wiwo ʻole] Inā ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻohana ʻia no "(koho i ka huaʻōlelo kūpono:" palaki "a i ʻole" holoi ")" ua ale wale ʻia, e kiʻi i ke kōkua lapaʻau a i ʻole e hoʻopili koke aku i kahi Center Kākoʻo Poona. "182
ʻO kahi ʻatikala noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma 2014 i hāpai aʻe i nā hopohopo nui e pili ana i kēia lepili. Kūpono, hoʻokumu nā mea kākau ma luna o 90% o nā huahana a lākou i loiloi ai i papa ʻia i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo a ka FDA no ka hoʻohana wale ʻia ʻana e nā keiki ma mua o ʻelua mau makahiki o ka hope o ka pahu o ka niho ʻāpiki a me nā kinikini liʻiliʻi. ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻAmelika (ADA), he hui kalepa ia, ʻaʻole he hui aupuni. Ua kākau nā kānaka noiʻi i nā ʻāpala niho āpau me ka ʻae a ʻae ʻia paha e ka ADA i kau ʻia i ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ADA (e hoʻohana nā keiki i ka nui o ka niho ʻāpala a e hoʻomalu ʻia e kahi mākua e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka ale ʻana) ma ka hope o ka paipu i ka manawa liʻiliʻi. .183 Nā hoʻolālā kūʻai kālepa
ʻike hou ʻia e hoʻolaha ana i ka nīpī niho me he mea lā he huahana meaʻai ia, a ka poʻe noiʻi i hōʻoia he hana ia e hiki ai ke hopena weliweli i nā keiki e ale i ka huahana.
ʻOiai ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka floss niho e ka FDA ma ke ʻano he papa I, ʻo 186 ka floss niho me ka fluoride (fluoride maʻa mau) i manaʻo ʻia he huahana187 a koi ʻia
Nā noi premarket.188 Hiki i nā floss niho ke komo pū me ka fluoride i ke ʻano o nā compound perfluorinated; 189 eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe ʻike pili e pili ana i kēia ʻano fluoride i ka floss niho.
hiki ke loaʻa i nā mea kākau o kēia pepa kūlana.
Māhele 5.6: Nā Huahana Niho no ka Hoʻohana ma ke Keʻena Dental
ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea i hoʻohana ʻia i ka keʻena kahua niho hiki ke hoʻokuʻu i ka fluoride e hoʻoponopono ʻia e like me nā lako lapaʻau / niho, e like me kekahi mea hoʻopihapiha e hoʻopihapiha ana i nā mea, 190 191 kekahi mau lāʻau paʻa niho, 192 a me kekahi mau mea kēpau resite.193 ʻOi kikoʻī, ka hapa nui o kēia mau Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea niho e ka FDA ma ke ʻano he Class II Medical Devices, 194 ʻo ia hoʻi ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka FDA i “ka hōʻoia kūpono o ka palekana a me ka pono o ka hāmeʻa” me ke kau ʻole ʻana i ka huahana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa o ka hoʻokele hoʻokele.195 ʻO ka mea nui, ma ke ʻāpana o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka FDA. ke manaʻo ʻia nā kaʻina hana, nā lako niho me ka fluoride i hui pū ʻia nā huahana, 196 a me nā hōʻike hōʻike fluoride e hāʻawi ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o ka hoʻolaha ma mua o ka mākeke no ka huahana.197 Ua ʻōlelo hou ka FDA: "ʻO nā koi no ka pale ʻana i ka lua a i ʻole nā pono hoʻoponopono ʻē aʻe. ʻae ʻia inā kākoʻo ʻia e ka ʻikepili hoʻokolohua i hoʻomohala ʻia e kahi IDE [Investigation Investigation Exemption] noiʻi. " 198 Eia kekahi, ʻoiai e ʻōlelo ākea ana ka FDA i ka hana hoʻokuʻu fluoride o kekahi mau mea hoʻihoʻi niho, ʻaʻole hoʻolaha ka FDA iā lākou ma kā lākou pūnaewele no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pale caries.
Pēlā nō, ʻoiai e ʻae ʻia nā varnish fluoride ma ke ʻano he II Pūnaewele Lapaʻau no ka hoʻohana ʻana e like me ka liner a me / a i ʻole ka desensitizer niho, ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia lākou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pale caries.200 No laila, ke hana ʻia nā koi no ka pale ʻana i nā caries e pili ana i kahi huahana i loaʻa. moe kolohe ʻia me ka fluoride i hoʻohui ʻia, manaʻo ʻia kēia e ka FDA he lāʻau i ʻāpono ʻole ʻia. Hoʻohui ʻia, pili nā rula a ka FDA i ke kauka / kauka niho ponoʻī no ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻana i ka inoa o nā lāʻau i ʻae ʻia. 201
Hoʻohui ʻia, i ka 2014, ua ʻae ka FDA i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kālā diamine fluoride no ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻike niho. 202 Ma kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma 2016, kahi kōmike ma ke Kulanui o Kaleponi, San Francisco, School of Dentistry, i ʻike ʻia, ʻoiai ka inoa i waho. ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kālā diamine fluoride (e like me ka hoʻokele caries) ʻae ʻia i kēia manawa e ke kānāwai, aia kahi pono no kahi alakaʻi alakaʻi maʻamau, ka protocol, a me ka ʻae .203
Pono nō hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻopili ʻia o ka fluoride i hoʻohana ʻia i ka wā o prophylaxis kahua niho (hoʻomaʻemaʻe) i nā pae ʻoi loa o fluoride ma mua o ke kūʻai ʻimi niho kūʻai ʻia (ie 850-1,500 ppm i ka toothpaste204 maʻamau me 4,000-20,000 ppm fluoride i prophy paste205). ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka pale Fluoride e ka FDA a i ʻole ka ADA ma ke ʻano he ala kūpono e pale aku ai i nā niho niho .206
Māhele 5.7: Nā lāʻau lapaʻau (me nā mea hoʻohui)
Hoʻohui maoli ʻia ʻo Fluoride i nā lāʻau lapaʻau (kulu, papa, a me nā lozenges i kapa ʻia he "supplement" a "vitamin") i kuhikuhi pinepine ʻia i nā keiki, i ʻōlelo ʻia e pale i nā lua. I ka makahiki 1975, ua kamaʻilio ka FDA i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea kōkua fluoride e ka huki ʻana i ka noi lāʻau hou no Ernziflur fluoride. Ma hope o ka hana a ka FDA ma Ernziflur lozenges
paʻi ʻia i loko o ka Federal Register, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi ʻatikala ma ka lāʻau lapaʻau lāʻau e hōʻike ana ua huki ʻia ka ʻae ʻia o ka FDA "no ka mea ʻaʻohe hōʻike nui e pili ana i ka pono o ka lāʻau e like me ke kuhikuhi, koi ʻia, a i manaʻo ʻia paha i kāna lepili." 207 208 Ua ʻōlelo pū kekahi ʻatikala: "ʻO ka No laila ua aʻo ʻo FDA i nā mea hana o ka hoʻohui fluoride a me nā hoʻomākaukau o ka wikamina i kā lākou
kū hewa ka hoʻomau ʻana i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā ʻāpana lāʻau hou o ka Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; No laila ua noi lākou e hoʻopau ʻia ke kālepa ʻana i kēia huahana. ”209 210
I ka 2016, ua hoʻouna hou ka FDA i kahi leka lono hou e pili ana i ka helu like o nā lāʻau hou i hōʻole ʻole ʻia i nā ʻano like ʻole e like me nā mea kōkua fluoride i ʻōlelo ʻia ma 1975. He leka, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia
Ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo Ianuali 13, 2016, i Kirkman Laboratories e pili ana i nā ʻano ʻehā o nā concoction fluoride pediatric i kapa ʻia he kōkua i ka pale ʻana i nā caries niho. 211 Ua hāʻawi aku ka leka hoʻolaha a ka FDA i ka ʻoihana i 15 mau lā e lilo i ka law212 a lawelawe ma ke ʻano kekahi hiʻohiʻona o nā keiki e loaʻa makaʻu ʻole i nā hoʻomākaukau fluoride i ʻae ʻole ʻia, a ua lilo ia i pilikia i ka US no 40 mau makahiki.
I kēia manawa, ʻae pū ʻia ka fluorine i nā lāʻau lapaʻau ʻē aʻe. ʻO kekahi mau kumu i ʻike ʻia no ka hoʻohui ʻia o nā lāʻau e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo i hiki ke “hoʻonui i nā lāʻau
koho, hiki iā ia ke hoʻoheheʻe i nā momona, a hoʻemi i ka wikiwiki i metabolism ʻia ka lāʻau, a laila e ʻoi aku ka manawa o ka hana. " 213 20-30% o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i manaʻo ʻia e komo pū me ka fluorine. 214 ʻO kekahi o nā lāʻau i makemake nui ʻia ʻo Prozac, Lipitor, a me Ciprobay (ciprofloxacin), 215 a me ke koena o ka ʻohana fluoroquinolone (gemifloxacin [kūʻai ʻia ʻo Factive], ʻo levofloxacin [kūʻai ʻia ʻo Levaquin], moxifloxacin [kūʻai ʻia ʻo Avelox], norfloxacin [kūʻai ʻia ʻo Noroxin], a ʻo ofloxacin [kūʻai ʻia ma ke ʻano he Floxin a me generic ofloxacin]).
216
E pili ana i nā fluoroquinolones, ua hoʻopuka ka FDA i kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hou e pili ana i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā hopena ʻaoʻao i ka makahiki 2016, mau makahiki ma hope o ka hoʻolauna mua ʻana o kēia mau lāʻau i ka mākeke. I kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana o Iulai 2016, ua ʻōlelo ʻo FDA:
Pili kēia mau lāʻau i ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana a me nā hopena ʻaoʻao paʻa mau o nā ʻāʻī, nāʻiʻo, nā hono, nā aʻa, a me nā ʻōnaehana waena e hiki ke hui pū i ka mea maʻi like. A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hoʻoponopono mākou i ka ʻ Bolelo Hoʻohuli Kaha, ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ikaika a ka FDA, e hoʻoponopono ai i kēia mau pilikia palekana. Ua hoʻohui pū mākou i kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hou a hōʻano hou i nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ka lepili lāʻau, e like me ke alakaʻi Medication Guide .217
Ma muli o kēia mau hopena hopena hoʻonāwaliwali, ua ʻōlelo aku ka FDA e hoʻohana wale ʻia kēia mau lāʻau inā ʻaʻohe koho lapaʻau ʻē aʻe i loaʻa no nā mea maʻi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pilikia ma mua o ka
benefit.218 I ka manawa o kēia hoʻolaha ʻana o 2016 FDA, ua manaʻo ʻia aia ma kahi o 26 miliona mau ʻAmelika e lawe nei i kēia mau lāʻau i kēlā me kēia makahiki. 219
Māhele 5.8: Nā Pūʻulu Perfluorinated
ʻO nā mea Per- a me polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS), i kapa ʻia hoʻi me nā hui perfluorinated a i ʻole nā kemikino perfluorinated (PFC), he mau mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā kapeta, nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, nā lole, nā mea kuke kuke,
ʻōpala ʻai, pena, pepa, a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe no ka mea hāʻawi lākou i ke ahi a me ka aila, stain, hamo, a me ka wai repellency.220 221 Eia kekahi laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ka waikawa perfluorooctanoic (PFOA) e hana i polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), i hoʻohana ʻia ma Teflon , Gore-tex, Scotchguard, a me Stainmaster.222
Eia nō naʻe, i ka manawa ma luna o 200 ʻepekema mai nā ʻāina 38 i kau inoa ʻia i ka "Madrid Statement" i ka makahiki 2015, ua hoʻolaha ʻia he 223 mau manaʻo e pili ana i ia mau mea a me kā lākou loulou hiki i ke olakino maikaʻi.
Hoʻohui ʻia, i ka 2016, ua ʻōlelo ka EPA o nā PFSA:
Hōʻike nā noiʻi e pili ana ka hōʻike ʻana i ka PFOA a me ka PFOS ma luna o kekahi mau pae i hopena i nā hopena olakino maikaʻi ʻole, e like me nā hopena ulu ʻana i nā pēpē i ka wā hāpai a i nā keiki hānai umauma (e laʻa, kaupaona hānau haʻahaʻa, hōʻeleu i ka wā ʻōpio, nā ʻano iwi), maʻi ʻaʻai (eg, testicular , hakuʻala), nā hopena o ke akepa (e laʻa me ka hōʻino ʻana o nā ʻaʻa), nā hopena pale (e laʻa me ka hana ʻana o ka antibody)
No laila, i ka US, ua hoʻomaka koke nā hana e hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia mau kemika. ʻO kahi laʻana, i ka 2016, ua hoʻopuka ka EPA i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo olakino no PFOA a me PFOS i ka wai inu, e ʻike ana i ka pae ma lalo a i ʻole e manaʻo ʻia nā hopena olakino maikaʻi e hōʻike ʻia ma kahi o ke ola ʻana e like me nā ʻāpana 0.07 i kēlā me kēia biliona (70 mau ʻāpana triona) no PFOA a me PFOS.226 Ma ke ʻano he laʻana ʻē aʻe, i ka 2006, hui pū ka EPA me nā hui ʻewalu ma o kahi papahana mālama no kēia mau ʻoihana ʻewalu e hōʻemi a hoʻopau iā PFOA e 2015.227 Eia nō naʻe, ua loaʻa ka EPA
ua kākau pū kekahi ua "noho hopohopo" lākou e pili ana i nā ʻoihana e hana nei i kēia huahana ʻaʻole i komo i kēia papahana.228
Māhele 5.9: ʻOihana
Hōʻike ʻia ka hōʻike ʻana i nā fluoride (fluoride, perfluoride) i ka wahi hana e ka ʻOihana Hoʻomalu & ʻOihana Ola (OSHA). ʻO ke olakino olakino i noʻonoʻo nui ʻia no kēia mau kūlana he fluorosis iwi, a ʻo nā palena palena palena no ka ʻike hana i nā fluorides e helu mau ʻia e like me 2.5 mg / m3.229
I loko o kahi ʻatikala 2005 i paʻi ʻia i loko o ka International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health a hōʻike ʻia i kahi ʻāpana ma ke Kulanui ʻAmelika o Toxicology Symposium, ka mea kākau ʻo Phyllis J. Mullenix, PhD, i ʻike ʻia i ka pono no ka pale aku o kahi hana maikaʻi aʻe mai nā fluorides.230 Kekahi kikoʻī, Dr. Mullenix Ua kākau ʻoiai ʻo nā kūlana fluoride e kū mau.
I kēia mau lā ua loaʻa ka ʻikepili e hōʻike nei ʻaʻole wale kēia mau kūlana i hāʻawi i ka palekana kūpono ʻole i nā limahana e pili ana i ka fluorine a me nā fluorides, akā no nā makahiki he nui i loaʻa i ka ʻoihana ka ʻike e pono ai e ʻike i ka lawa ʻole o nā kūlana a hoʻonohonoho i nā pae paepae pale o ka hōʻike. 231
I loko o kahi hōʻike 2006 e ka National Research Council (NRC) o ka National Academy of Science kahi i loiloi ʻia ai nā pilikia olakino o ka fluoride, ua hāpai ʻia nā hopohopo e pili ana i nā hui kūpono ma waena o fluoride a me osteosarcoma (kahi maʻi ʻaʻa iwi), nā haʻi iwi, nā hopena musculoskeletal, nā hopena reproductive a me nā ulu ʻana, neurotoxicity a me nā hopena neurobeh behavioral, genotoxicity a me carcinogenicity, a me nā hopena ma nā ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana ʻē aʻe.
Ma muli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka hōʻike NRC ma 2006, ua paʻi ʻia kekahi mau ʻano noiʻi noiʻi e pili ana. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i kahi palapala noi kamaʻāina 2016 i ka EPA mai ka Fluoride Action Network (FAN), ka IAOMT, a me nā hui ʻē aʻe, ʻo Michael Connett, Esq., Luna Hoʻokele Kānāwai o FAN, i hāʻawi i kahi papa inoa o nā noiʻi hou e hōʻike nei i ka pōʻino mai fluoride, pili pili loa ia, ʻo ia hoʻi ma muli o ka helu o nā noi kanaka hou aku: 233
I ka hōʻuluʻulu, ua ʻike a hoʻopili ʻia nā mea noi i 196 i paʻi ʻia nā noiʻi i kū i ka hopena neurotoxic o ka hōʻike fluoride ma hope o ka loiloi a ka NRC, e like me ka 61 ʻike kanaka, 115 ʻike holoholona, 17 hoʻopaʻa haʻawina paʻalima, a me 3 hōʻike ʻōnaehana.
ʻO nā haʻawina kanaka ma hope o NRC:
• 54 mau noiʻi e noiʻi ana i ka hopena o ka fluoride e pili ana i ka hana o ka noʻonoʻo, me ka palena ʻole i ka IQ, me nā mea āpau akā ʻo 8 o kēia mau noiʻi i loaʻa ka helu helu.
nā hui ma waena o ka fluoride a me nā hemahema o ka noʻonoʻo.234
• 3 mau noiʻi e noiʻi ana i ka hopena o ka fluoride ma ka lolo fetal, me kēlā me kēia o nā noi 3 e hōʻike nei i nā hopena deleterious.235
• Nānā ʻehā i ka hui ʻana o fluoride me nā ʻano ʻino ʻino neurotoxic, me ADHD, a me nā neonatal i hoʻololi ʻia, a me nā ʻōuli neurological like ʻole. 4
ʻO nā haʻawina holoholona ma hope o ka NRC:
• 105 mau noiʻi e noiʻi ana i ka hiki i ka fluoride ke hana i nā neuroanatomical a me nā neurochhemical, me nā mea āpau akā ʻo 2 o nā noiʻi i loaʻa ma kahi o hoʻokahi hopena hopena maikaʻi ma ka liʻiliʻi o kekahi o nā pae i hōʻoia ʻia.
• 31 mau noiʻi e noiʻi ana i ka hopena o ka fluoride i ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana, me nā mea āpau akā hoʻokahi o nā noiʻi i loaʻa ma kahi o hoʻokahi hopena deleterious i nā hui mālama ʻia fluoride.238
• 18 mau noiʻi e noiʻi ana i ka hopena o ka fluoride ma nā palena ʻē aʻe o ka neurobeh behavior ma waho o ke aʻo ʻana a me ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana, me nā mea āpau akā loaʻa hoʻokahi o nā noiʻi i loaʻa nā hopena.239
ʻO nā haʻawina cell post-NRC me:
• 17 mau haʻawina, me 2 mau noiʻi i noiʻi a loaʻa i nā hopena ma nā pae fluoride i kū i ke koko o nā ʻAmelika e noho nei i nā kaiāulu fluoridated.
Ma waho aʻe o nā noiʻi i luna, ke waiho nei nā mea noi i ʻekolu mau loiloi ʻōnaehana post-NRC o nā puke, me nā mea ʻelua e kamaʻilio ana i ka palapala kanaka / IQ, a me kahi mea
kamaʻilio i ka moʻomeheu holoholona / ʻike.241
Maopopo ia mea ua ʻike ʻē nā ʻatikala noiʻi he nui i ka pōʻino i nā kānaka mai ka fluoride ma nā pae like ʻole o ke kū ʻana, me nā pae i manaʻo ʻia he palekana. ʻOiai pono i kēlā me kēia ʻatikala ke nānā a me ke kūkākūkā ʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi papa inoa pōkole ma lalo i ke ʻano o ka wehewehe ākea o nā hopena olakino e pili ana i ka hōʻike fluoride, nā hiʻohiʻona e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻike kūpono a me nā noiʻi.
Māhele 6.1: ʻōnaehana iwi
Lawe ʻia ka fluoride i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka i ke kahe o ke koko ma o ka mahele digestive.242 ʻO ka hapa nui o ka fluoride i hoʻokuʻu ʻole ʻia ma o ka mimi i mālama ʻia i loko o ke kino. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia 99% o kēia fluoride e noho nei i ka iwi, 243 kahi i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka hanana crystalline a hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa.244 No laila, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia nā niho a me nā iwi nā aʻa o ke kino e hoʻopili ana i ka fluoride i ka mea a mākou e hōʻike aku ai.
I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, i loko o kāna hōʻike 2006, ua kūkā ʻia ka kūkākūkā a ka National Research Council (NRC) e pili ana i ka pilikia o ka haki o ka iwi mai fluoride nui me ka noiʻi nui. Kikoʻī,
ua ʻōlelo ʻia ka hōʻike: "Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, aia ka ʻae i waena o ke komite aia he hōʻike ʻepekema ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana hiki i ka fluoride ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka iwi a hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā haki." 245
Māhele 6.1.1: Fluorosis kahua niho
ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka fluoride i loko o nā keiki e ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka fluorosis kahua niho, kahi ʻano a lilo nā enamel o nā niho i mea e hōʻino ʻole ʻia a hele a hoʻoliʻiliʻi mau ʻia nā niho, e hōʻike ana i kahi ʻano mottling keʻokeʻo a ʻeleʻele paha a hana i nā niho palupalu e haki a maʻemaʻe maʻalahi ua ʻike ʻepekema ʻia mai ka makahiki 246 o ka hōʻike nui ʻana i ka fluoride ke kumu o kēia ʻano, a hiki ke ʻano mai ke akahai a i ʻole koʻikoʻi. Wahi a ka ʻikepili mai nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevent (CDC) i hoʻokuʻu ʻia i ka makahiki 1940, 2010% o ko ʻAmelika mau makahiki he 23-6 a me 49% o nā keiki he 41-12 mau makahiki e hōʻike nei i ka maʻi fluorosis i kekahi kekelē. he mea koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻoholo a ka lawelawe olakino lehulehu e hoʻohaʻahaʻa i kāna ʻōlelo paepae fluoridation wai ma 15
Kiʻi 1: ʻO ka Fluorosis Niho mai ke akahai a koʻikoʻi
(Nā kiʻi mai Kauka David Kennedy a hoʻohana ʻia me ka ʻae mai nā poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi fluorosis niho.)
ʻO nā kiʻi o Dental Fluorosis, ka hōʻailona mua o ka pīpī fluoride, mai ke akahai a i ʻole koʻikoʻi; Kiʻi ʻia e Dr. David Kennedy a hoʻohana ʻia me ka ʻae o ka poʻe i loaʻa i ka maʻi fluorosis o ka niho
Māhele 6.1.2: Fluorosis iwi a me ka maʻi o ka maʻi
E like me ka fluorosis kahua niho, ʻo ka maʻi fluorosis iwi kahi hopena i hōʻole ʻia o ka hōʻike ākea i ka fluoride. ʻO ka maʻi fluorosis iwi ke kumu o nā iwi momona, nā ʻeha ami, kahi palena palena o ka neʻe ʻana, a i loko
ʻo nā hihia koʻikoʻi, kahi ʻōiwi paʻa loa. 249 ʻOiai manaʻo ʻia he laha ʻole i ka US, kū ke ʻano, 250 a ua ʻōlelo ʻia i kēia manawa e hiki ke lilo ka maʻi maʻi iwi i ka hihia olakino lehulehu ma mua o ka ʻike mua ʻia. 251
E like me ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ka makahiki 2016, ʻaʻole i ʻae ʻia kahi ʻepekema e pili ana i ka nui o ka fluoride a me / a i ʻole nā lōʻihi o ka fluoride e pono ai ma mua o ka hanana ʻana o ka iwi fluorosis. 252
ʻOiai ua manaʻo kekahi mau mana i ka fluorosis iwi ma hope o 10 mau makahiki a ʻoi paha o ke kū ʻana, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi e hiki i nā keiki ke hoʻomohala i kēia maʻi i loko o ʻeono mahina, 253.
a ua hoʻomohala kekahi mau mākua iā ia i ʻelua a ʻehiku mau makahiki paha. 254 Pēlā nō, ʻoiai ua manaʻo kekahi mau mana e pono ka 10 mg / lā o fluoride e hoʻomohala i ka fluorosis skeletal, ua hōʻike ka noiʻi i nā pae haʻahaʻa o ka fluoride (i ʻo kekahi mau hihia ma lalo o 2ppm) hiki ke kumu i ka maʻi. 255 Eia kekahi, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka noiʻi i ka makahiki 2010 i ka pane ʻana o ka iwi iwi i ka fluoride e loli ʻia e kēlā me kēia.
I nā mea maʻi me ka maʻi fluorosis, ua manaʻo ʻia hoʻi ka fluoride e hana ana i ka hyperparathyroidism lua a me / a i ʻole ke kumu o ka iwi e like me hyperparathyroidism lua. ʻO ke ʻano, nā hopena maʻa mau mai ka maʻi o ka puʻupaʻa, ua hoʻomaka ʻia inā haʻahaʻa loa nā pae o ka calcium a me ka phosphorous i loko o ke koko. 257 He helu o nā noiʻi i ʻohiʻohi ʻia e ka Fluoride Action Network (FAN) e nānā i ka hiki i ka fluoride hoʻokahi. mea kōkua i kēia hopena olakino. 258
Ma muli o ka pili ʻana o nā ʻōuli arthritic me ka maʻi fluorosis iwi, ʻo ka arthritis kekahi ʻāpana o ka hopohopo e pili ana i nā hōʻike fluoride. ʻIke ʻia i kēia pili, ua hoʻopili ka noiʻi i ka fluoride i ka osteoarthritis, me ka ʻole a me ka ʻole o ka maʻi fluorosis. 259 Eia kekahi, ua pili pū kekahi me ka maʻi hui pū kekahi (TMJ) me ka fluorosis niho a me ka iwi. 260
Māhele 6.1.3: Ka maʻi ʻaʻai o ka iwi, Osteosarcoma
I ka 2006, ua kūkākūkā ka NRC i kahi pilina pili i waena o ka hōʻike fluoride a me ka osteosarcoma. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano maʻi ʻaʻai iwi e like me "ke ono o ka hui maʻamau o nā maʻi ʻōpū malignant i loko o nā keiki a ʻo ke kolu o nā puʻupuʻu malignant maʻamau no nā ʻōpio." 261 Ua ʻōlelo ʻo NRC ʻoiai he hōʻike kolohe ka hōʻike, ua hiki i ka fluoride ke hāpai i nā maʻi ʻino. .262
Ua hoʻomaopopo lākou i ka hopohopo nui o ka osteosarcoma, no ka mea hoʻi o ka waiho ʻana o ka fluoride i ka iwi a me ka hopena mitogen o ka fluoride ma nā iwi iwi.
ʻOiai ʻaʻole i loaʻa kekahi mau noiʻi i kahi pilina ma waena o fluoride a me osteosarcoma, e like me ka noiʻi i hoʻopau ʻia e Dr. Elise Bassin ʻoiai ma ke kula ʻo Harvard School of Dental Medicine, ka hōʻike ʻana i ka fluoride ma nā pae i manaʻo ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia me ka hoʻonui ʻana he ʻehiku mau osteosarcoma i ka wā o nā keikikāne. ua hōʻike ʻia ma waena o nā makahiki o ʻelima a me ʻehiku. 264 ʻO ka noiʻi a Bassin, i paʻi ʻia ma 2006, ʻo ia wale nō ke aʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka osteosarcoma i lawe i nā pilikia pili makahiki.
Māhele 6.2: Pūnaewele Nervous Waena
Ua hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia ka hiki no nā fluoride e hoʻopili i ka lolo. I loko o kā lākou hōʻike 2006, ua wehewehe ka NRC: "Ma ke kumu o ka ʻike i loaʻa nui ʻia mai ka histological, kemikal, a me nā haʻawina molekiola, ʻike ʻia he hiki i nā fluorides ke hoʻopilikia i nā hana o ka lolo a me ke kino e nā ala pololei a pololei ʻole hoʻi. . ”266 Nā dementia lāua ʻo Alzheimer
ua ʻōlelo ʻia nō hoʻi ka maʻi i ka hōʻike NRC no ka noʻonoʻo ʻana e pili ana i ka fluoride.267
Ua hōʻoia kēia mau hopohopo. Ua nānā pono ʻia nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka fluoridation wai a me nā hopena IQ i loko o ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma ʻOkakopa o 2012 ma nā Manaʻo Ola Ola.268 Ma kēia hōʻike loiloi, hōʻike ʻia he 12 mau noiʻi me nā kaiāulu me nā pae wai fluoridated ma lalo o 4 mg / L (awelika o 2.4 mg / L ) loaʻa nā IQ haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā pūʻulu hoʻomalu.269 Mai ka paʻi ʻia ʻana o ka loiloi 2012, ua loaʻa i kahi mau noiʻi hou aʻe ka loaʻa ʻana o nā IQ hoʻemi ʻia i nā kaiāulu me ka liʻiliʻi o 4 mg / L o fluoride i loko o ka wai.270 i loko o kahi palapala noi kupa i ka EPA ma 2016, ʻo Michael Connett, Esq., Luna Hoʻokele Kānāwai o FAN, ʻike ʻia he 23 mau haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi IQ ma nā wahi me nā pae fluoride i ʻae ʻia e ka EPA.271.
Eia kekahi, i ka 2014, ua paʻi ʻia kahi loiloi ma The Lancet i kapa ʻia ʻo "Neurobeh behavioral effects of developmental toxicity." I kēia loiloi, ua helu ʻia ʻo fluoride ma ke ʻano he hoʻokahi o nā kemika ʻenehana 12
ʻike ʻia e hoʻokumu i ka neurotoxicity ulu i loko o ke kanaka.272 Ua hoʻolaha ka poʻe noiʻi: “Nā pono kīnā ʻole Neurodevelopmental, e like me ka autism, ka maʻi hyperactivity-deficit attention, dislexia, a me nā maʻi noʻonoʻo ʻē aʻe, e hoʻopili ana i nā miliona o nā keiki ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa, a ʻo kekahi mau diagnoses me he mea lā ke hoʻonui nei i ka pinepine. ʻO nā kemikū ʻoihana e hōʻeha i ka lolo e ulu nei i waena o nā kumu i ʻike ʻia no kēia piʻi pinepine ʻana. ”273
Māhele 6.3: Pūnaehana Cardiovascular
Wahi a nā helu helu i paʻi ʻia ma 2016, ʻo ka maʻi puʻuwai ke kumu nui o ka make no nā kāne a me nā wahine ma ka US, a he $ 207 biliona ka makahiki i uku ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki.274 No laila, ke ʻike nei i ka
pono ka pilina ma waena o fluoride a me nā pilikia o ka maʻi puʻuwai no ka mālama pono ʻana i nā hanana palekana no ka fluoride akā no nā hana pale e hoʻokumu ʻia no ka maʻi puʻuwai.
ʻO kahi hui ma waena o nā pilikia o ka fluoride a me ka maʻi maʻi i manaʻo ʻia he mau makahiki i hala. Ua hōʻike ka hōʻike 2006 NRC i kahi noiʻi mai ka 1981 na Hanhijärvi a me Penttilä i hōʻike i ka fluoride serum kiʻekiʻe i nā mea maʻi me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka naʻau.275 Fluoride ua pili pū kekahi me ka helu ʻana o ke aʻa, 276 arteriosclerosis, 277 lawa ʻole ka puʻuwai, 278 electrocardiogram abnormalities, 279 hypertension, 280 and pōʻino myocardial.281 Eia hou, ua hoʻopau nā mea noiʻi o kahi noiʻi mai Kina i paʻi ʻia ma 2015: "Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena, ʻo NaF [sodium fluoride], ma ke ʻano hilinaʻi a me ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi haʻahaʻa o 2 mg / L, ua hoʻololi i ka morphology. o nā cardiomyocytes, hoʻemi i ke ola ʻana o ka cell, hoʻonui i ka nui o ka hopu ʻana o ka naʻau, a hoʻonui i nā pae o ka apoptosis. "282
Māhele 6.4: Pūnaehana Endocrine
Ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o Fluoride ma ka ʻōnaehana endocrine, kahi o nā glands e hoʻoponopono i nā homone. Ma ka hōʻike 2006 NRC, ua ʻōlelo ʻia: "I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hōʻike o nā ʻano he nui e hōʻike ana pili ka fluoride i ka hana endocrine maʻamau a pane paha; ua loli nā hopena o nā loli i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka fluoride i ke kekelē a me ke ʻano o kēlā me kēia kanaka. "283 Ua hōʻike hou ʻia ka hōʻike 2006 NRC i kahi papa e hōʻike ana i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā lāʻau haʻahaʻa o fluoride i mea e hoʻopilikia ai i ka hana thyroid, keu hoʻi i ka loaʻa ʻole o ka iodine. i kēia manawa.284 I nā makahiki i hala aku nei, ua hoʻokūkū hou ʻia ka hopena o ka fluoride ma ka ʻōnaehana endocrine. ʻO kahi noiʻi i paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 2012 i loko o ka sodium fluoride ma ka papa inoa o nā endocrine hoʻohaunaele ʻana i nā kemika (EDCs) me nā hopena haʻahaʻa, 285 a ua kuhikuhi ʻia ke aʻo ʻana ma kahi hōʻike 2013 mai ka United Nations Environment Program a me ka World Health Organization.286
I kēia manawa, ua pili ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o ka hana thyroid me ka fluoride.287 Ua paʻi ʻia ka noiʻi ma 2015 e nā mea noiʻi ma ke Kulanui o Kent ma Canterbury, ʻEnelani, ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fluoride i ka wai inu e hiki ke wānana i nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hypothyroidism. 288 Ua wehewehe hou lākou: "Ma nā wahi he nui o ka honua, ʻo ka hypothyroidism kahi mea olakino olakino nui a me ka hoʻohui i nā kumu ʻē aʻe - e like me ka hemahema o ke iodine - pono e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka hōʻike fluoride ma ke ʻano he mea kōkua. Ua hāpai nā mea i loaʻa i ke aʻo ʻana i kekahi mau hopohopo e pili ana i ka pono o ka fluoridation kaiāulu ma ke ʻano he ola olakino lehulehu. "289 Ua kākoʻo nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka hui ma waena o fluoride a me hypothyroidism, 290 ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka thyroid stimulate hormone (THS), 291 a me ka iodine hemahema. 292
Wahi a nā helu helu i hoʻokuʻu ʻia e nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevent (CDC) ma 2014, 29.1 miliona mau kānaka a i ʻole 9.3% o ka heluna kānaka i loaʻa i ka maʻi maʻisā.293 Eia hou, he mea nui ka hopena o ka fluoride i kēia ʻano e noʻonoʻo ai. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hōʻike 2006 NRC:
ʻO ka hopena mai nā noiʻi i loaʻa ka lawa ʻana o ka hōʻike fluoride i mea e hoʻonui ai i ka glucose glucose a i ʻole ka hoʻomanawanui ʻana o ka glucose i kekahi poʻe a e hoʻonui i ke koʻikoʻi o kekahi ʻano diabetes. Ma ka laulaha, ʻike ʻia ka pili ʻana o ka metabolism glucose me ka serum a i ʻole plasma fluoride concentrations o ma kahi o 0.1 mg / L a ʻoi aku paha i nā holoholona a me nā kānaka (Rigalli et al. 1990, 1995; Trivedi et al. 1993; de al Sota et al. 1997) .294
Ua pili pū kekahi ka noiʻi ʻana i ka maʻi diabetic me ka hoʻemi ʻia o ka hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka fluoride mai ke kino, 295 a me kahi maʻi maʻi (polydispsia-polyurea) nā hopena e hoʻonui ai i ka lawe ʻana o fluoride, 296 a
ua hoʻohui pū ka noiʻi me ka pāpā ʻana o ka insulin a me ke kūpaʻa ʻana i ka fluoride
Eia kekahi mea hopohopo e pili ana ka fluoride i nā hana o ka momona pineal, kahi e kōkua ai i ka kaohi ʻana i nā ritme circadian a me nā hormones, e like me ka rula o nā melatonin a me nā hormones hānau. Ua ʻike ʻo Jennifer Luke o ka Halemai Aliʻi o Lākana i nā kiʻekiʻe o ka fluoride i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i loko o ka pine pine gland298 a hōʻike hou aʻe i kēia mau pae
hiki ke piʻi i 21,000 ppm, hoʻonui kiʻekiʻe iā lākou ma mua o nā pae fluoride i ka iwi a mau niho paha. 299 Ua hoʻopili nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe i ka fluoride i nā pae melatonin, 300 insomnia, 301 a me ka wā ʻōpio mua.
i nā kaikamahine, 302 a me nā helu haʻahaʻa o ka momona (me nā kāne) a hoʻēmi i nā pae testosterone. 303
Māhele 6.5: Pūnaehana Renal
ʻO ka mimi kahi ala nui o ka excretion no ka fluoride i lawe ʻia i loko o ke kino, a he mea nui ka ʻōnaehana renal no ka mālama ʻana i nā pae fluoride i loko o ke kino. 304 305 Urinary excretion of fluoride is
hoʻohuli ʻia e ka mimi pH, ʻai, ke kū ʻana o nā lāʻau, a me nā kumu ʻē aʻe. 306 Ua wehewehe nā kānaka noiʻi o kahi ʻatikala 2015 i paʻi ʻia e ka Royal Society of Chemistry: a me ka hoʻoneʻe ʻia ʻana mai ka iwi a me ka hiki i ka ʻae fluoride e ka hakuʻala. ”307
Ua ʻike like ka hōʻike 2006 NRC i ke kuleana o ka hakuʻala ma nā hōʻike fluoride. Ua hoʻomaopopo lākou ʻaʻole ia he mea kupanaha no ka poʻe maʻi me ka maʻi puʻupaʻa e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka plasma a me ka iwi fluoride concentrations.308 Ua ʻōlelo hou lākou e pili ana nā puʻupaʻa kanaka i ka fluoride e like me 50-pā mai ka plasma a i ka mimi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makaʻu o ka fluoride ma mua o ka hapa o nā mea palupalu i nā ʻāpana o ka ʻōnaehana hōʻeha. "309
I ka mālamalama o kēia ʻike, he mea kūpono ua hoʻopili maoli nā kānaka noiʻi i nā hōʻike fluoride i nā pilikia me ka ʻōnaehana renal. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, ua hōʻike nā kānaka noiʻi mai Toronto, Kanada, ʻo nā mea maʻi dialysis me ka osteodystrophy renal i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka fluoride i ka iwi a ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia ka "fluoride iwi" e hoʻoliʻiliʻi i ka microhardness iwi ma o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana i ka mineralisation. "310 Eia kekahi, kahi noiʻi e pili ana i nā limahana e pili ana i ka cryolite. na Philippe Grandjean lāua ʻo Jørgen H. Olsen i paʻi ʻia ma 2004 i manaʻo ʻia e noʻonoʻo ʻia ka fluoride ma ke ʻano he kumu kūpono no ka maʻi ʻaʻai o ka maʻi ʻaʻai a me kahi kumu i loaʻa ai i ka maʻi ʻaʻa pūpū.
Māhele 6.6: ʻōnaehana hanu
ʻO nā hopena o ka fluoride ma ka ʻōnaehana hanu e maopopo leʻa i kākau ʻia ma nā puke e pili ana
nā hōʻike hana. ʻIke loa, aia nā limahana i nā ʻoihana e pili ana i ka fluoride ma kahi nui
ʻoi aku ka nui o ka makaʻu i ka inhal fluoride ma mua o ka poʻe hana ʻole i ka ʻoihana; akā ʻoihana
hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana ke hoʻopili i nā ʻōnaehana hanu o nā kamaʻāina maʻamau ma o ka hōʻike ʻano like ʻole
nā ala hele.
Inhalation o ka hydrogen fluoride lawelawe ma ke ʻano he laʻana o ka ʻoihana e hōʻike ʻelua
a me ka pōʻino olakino hana ʻole. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hydrogen fluoride e hana i nā pahu hau, nā mea lāʻau,
nā lāʻau lapaʻau, petrolani octane kiʻekiʻe, aluminika, nā lula, nā pono uila, fluorescent
ipukukui, a me ka metala a me ke aniani (e like me ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i kekahi mau uila uila),
312 pū kekahi
e like me ka hana ʻana o nā kemika uranium a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe quartz.313
Nā Kikowaena no ka mālama ʻana i ka maʻi a
Ua wehewehe ʻo Kāohi (CDC) i ka hoʻohui o nā hōʻike ma kahi hana, hana ʻole
hiki ke hōʻike i nā hydrogen fluoride ma nā wahi kūʻai a ma o nā leʻaleʻa e pili ana
nā mea i hana ʻia me ka mea, a me ka hanana kakaʻikahi o ka hōʻike ʻana i kahi hoʻoweliweli ʻino
ʻelima.314
Hiki i nā hopena olakino mai hydrogen fluoride ke hōʻino i nā ʻokena like ʻole, e like me kēlā
pili pū me ka ʻōnaehana hanu. Hiki i ka hanu ʻana o ka kemika ke hōʻeha i nā aʻa o ke akahā a me ke kumu
ka hoʻāhu a me ka hoʻoulu wai ʻana i nā akemāmā (edema pulmonary) .315
Hiki i nā pae kiʻekiʻe ke kū i ka hydrogen fluoride ke kumu o ka make mai ke kūkulu ʻana i nā ake māmā, 316 ʻoiai ke kūlana mau, pae haʻahaʻa
Hiki i ka inhalation ke hoʻonāukiuki i ka ihu, ka ʻāʻī, a me nā akemāmā.317
ʻO ke koʻikoʻi mai kahi kūlana hana, ʻo ka ʻoihana alumini ke kumuhana o kahi hoʻonohonoho
o nā noiʻi i ka hopena o ka fluoride i nā ʻōnaehana hanu o nā limahana. Nā hōʻike mai a
Kuhi ʻia kahi moʻo o nā noiʻi i ka hoʻopili ma waena o nā limahana ma nā mea kanu aluminika, nā hōʻike i
fluoride, a me nā hopena hanu, e like me ka emphysema, bronchitis, a me nā māmā i hoʻemi ʻia
hana.318
Māhele 6.7: ʻōnaehana Digestive
I ke komo ʻana, me loko o ka wai fluoridated, komo ʻia ka fluoride e ka gastrointestinal
ʻōnaehana kahi ona kahi hapalua o ke ola o 30 mau minuke.319
Pili ka nui o ka fluoride i loko
ma luna o nā pae calcium, me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka calcium e hoʻohaʻahaʻa nei i ka gastrointestinal
ka hopena.
320 321
Eia kekahi, e like me ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma 2015 e ka American Institute of
ʻO nā ʻenekini kemika, ka launa pū ʻana o ka fluoride i loko o ka ʻōnaehana gastrointestinal “nā hopena i ke hoʻokumu ʻia o
hydrofluoric [HF] waikawa ma ka hana ʻana me ka waikawa hydrochloric [HCL] i loko o ka ʻōpū. Ke noho nei
corrosive nui, ka HFʻakika no laila hana e luku i ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū lining me ka
lilo o microvilli. ”322
ʻO kekahi ʻāpana o ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hopena o ka fluoride ma luna o ka gastrointestinal tract ka mea i ʻike ʻia
kaʻai ʻana o ka ʻāpiki niho. Ma 2011, ua loaʻa i ka Poison Control Center 21,513 kelepona e pili ana i
overconsump o ka fluoridated toothpaste.323
ʻO nā helu o ka poʻe i hoʻopilikia ʻia
e ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe. Ua hāpai ʻia nā hopohopo e pili ana kekahi mau ʻōpū gastrointestinal
ʻaʻole paha e noʻonoʻo koke ʻia e pili ana i kaʻai fluoride, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana a nā mea noiʻi ma 1997:
ʻAʻole paha e ʻike nā mākua a mea mālama paha i nā ʻōuli e pili ana i ka toxine fluoride māmā
a i ʻole hāʻawi ʻia iā lākou i colic a i ʻole gastroenteritis, keu hoʻi inā ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike i ke keiki
ingest fluoride. Pēlā nō, no ka ʻano nonspecific o ke akahai a me ke akahai
hōʻailona, ʻaʻohe hiki i ke kauka ʻokoʻa kauka ke hoʻohui pū i ka toxic fluoride
me ka ʻole o ka mōʻaukala o ka lawe ʻana i ka fluoride
ʻO nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana digestive i ʻike ʻia e hoʻopili ʻia e ka fluoride. ʻO kahi laʻana, ka
Ua kāhea ʻo 2006 NRC hōʻike no ka ʻike hou aku e pili ana i ka hopena o ka fluoride ma ke akepaʻa: “Hiki nō paha
ʻo ka lawe ʻana i ke ola he 5-10 mg / lā mai ka wai inu i loaʻa ka fluoride ma 4 mg / L paha
huli i nā hopena lōʻihi ma ke akepaʻa, a pono e nānā ʻia kēia i ka wā e hiki mai ana
epidemiologic haʻawina. ”325 E like me kekahi laʻana, hiki i ka lāʻau fluoride toothpaste ke hana i ka stomatitis, e like me
ʻo ka waha a me ka maʻi ʻeha i kekahi mau kānaka. 326
Māhele 6.8: Pūnaehana Immune
ʻO ka ʻōnaehana pale kekahi ʻāpana o ke kino e hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia e ka fluoride. An
ʻo ka noʻonoʻo nui ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā hunaola pale i ka momona o ka iwi, no laila ka hopena o ka fluoride
ma ka ʻōnaehana pale pilikino hiki ke pili i ka prevalence o fluoride i loko o ka ʻōnaehana iwi. ʻO 2006
Ua wehewehe ʻo NRC i kēia hanana:
Eia nō naʻe, nā mea maʻi e noho ana i kahi kaiāulu fluoridated a i ʻole
kaiāulu kahi i loaʻa ai ka wai inu fluoride ma 4 mg / L āpau
hōʻiliʻili fluoride i loko o kā lākou mau ʻōiwi skeletal a loaʻa he fluoride kiʻekiʻe loa
concentrations i loko o kā lākou mau iwi. ʻO ka iwi iwi kahi e ulu ai nā hunaola a ʻo ia
hiki ke hoʻopili i ka palekana o ka humoral a me ka hana ʻana o nā mea pale i nā kemika haole .327
ʻO nā mea āpau āpau a me nā hypersensitivities i ka fluoride kekahi mea ʻē aʻe e pili ana i ka pale
ʻōnaehana. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi i nā makahiki 1950, 1960, a me 1970 e hōʻike ana kekahi poʻe
hypersensitive i ka fluoride.328 ʻO ka mea hoihoi, nā mea kākau o ka noiʻi i paʻi ʻia ma 1967 kuhikuhi ʻia
ʻoiai e nīnau ana kekahi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o fluoride i ka toothpaste a me nā "vitamina" ke kumu
nā sensitivities, nā hōʻike hihia i hōʻike ʻia i loko o kā lākou paʻi ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka hopena o nā maʻi āpau iā
ke ola nei ka fluoride.329 Ua hōʻoia hou nā noiʻi hou loa i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo. 330
Māhele 6.9: Pūnaehana Integumentary
Hiki i ka Fluoride ke hoʻopili i ka ʻōnaehana integumentary, nona ka ʻili, nā exocrine glands,
lauoho, a me nā kui. Eia kekahi, ʻo nā hopena i ka fluoride, me fluoride i hoʻohana ʻia i ka toothpaste, loaʻa
ua hoʻopili ʻia i ka huehue a me nā kūlana dermatological ʻē aʻe. 331 332 333
Eia kekahi, he mea ola hiki ke ola
ke kumu i ʻike ʻia ʻo fluoroderma ka hopena o ka hopena hypersensitive i ka maʻi fluorine, 334
a ʻo kēia ʻano ʻili pele (kahi halogenoderma) i pili me nā mea maʻi e hoʻohana ana
huahana niho fluoridated.335
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua aʻo ʻia ka lauoho a me nā kui ma ke ʻano he biomarkers o
hōʻike fluoride.
336
Hiki i nā ʻoki kui ke hōʻike i nā hōʻike fluoride mau
a me nā hōʻike ʻana mai ka ʻāpiki niho, 338 a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā concentrations fluoride i nā kui e ʻike ai nā keiki
i ka makaʻu no ka fluorosis niho i nānā ʻia. 339
Māhele 6.10: Toxicity Fluoride
ʻO ka hihia pālākiō nui mua loa i ʻōlelo ʻia he lāʻau make mai fluorine i komo i kahi pōʻino ma
Ke awāwa ʻo Meuse ma Pelekiuma i nā makahiki 1930. ʻO ka noe a me nā kūlana ʻē aʻe i kēia wahi ʻoihana
pili pū me 60 mau make a me kekahi mau kaukani poʻe e maʻi nei. Ua pili nā hōʻike
hoʻokuʻu kēia mau mea make i ka fluorine mai nā hale hana kokoke
ʻO kekahi hihia o ka ʻona ʻona i hana ʻia i 1948 ma Donora, Pennsylvania, ma muli o ka noe a
hoʻohuli wela. I kēia hanana, hoʻokuʻu ke kinoea mai ka zinc, ke kila, ke aho, a me ke kui
Ua manaʻo ʻia nā ʻoihana galvanizing o 20 ka make a me ʻeono tausani kānaka e
lilo i maʻi ma muli o ka hopena o ka lāʻau make fluoride.341
ʻO ka huikau Fluoride mai kahi huahana niho ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kū ʻia ma 1974 i ka makahiki ʻekolu
Ua make ke keikikāne ʻo Brooklyn ma muli o ka fluoride overdose mai ka gel niho. He mea kākau moʻolelo no Nu Ioka
Ua kākau ʻo Times e pili ana i ka hanana: “Wahi a kahi mea ʻawahia Nassau County, ʻo Kauka Jesse Bidanset,
Ua lawe ʻo William i 45 mau kenimika cubic o 2 pākēneka stannous fluoride solution, he kolu o ka nui
lawa no ka make ʻana. ”342
Ua loaʻa i kekahi mau hihia nui o ka lāʻau make fluoride maʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka nānā i kēia mau lā
mau makahiki, e like me ka outbreak 1992 ma Hooper Bay, Alaska, ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o nā fluoride i ka lako wai 343 a me ka ʻona 2015 o kahi ʻohana ma Florida ma muli o ka hopena o sulfuryl.
hoʻohana ʻia ʻo fluoride i kahi lāʻau lapaʻau termite ma ko lākou home
ʻOiai nā hiʻohiʻona i hāʻawi ʻia ma luna nei nā hihia o ka lāʻau make (ka lāʻau kiʻekiʻe, wā pōkole), maʻi mau
(haʻahaʻa mahele lāʻau, wā lōʻihi) ʻona nō hoʻi e noʻonoʻo ʻia. ʻO ka liʻiliʻi loa e pili ana i ka fluoride
ke loaʻa nei ka lāʻau make e kōkua ai i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka pilikia. I ka hana
paʻi ʻia ma 2015, ua nānā nā kānaka noiʻi i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo ka hōʻailona mua o ka pīpī fluoride he niho
ka fluorosis a ʻo kēlā fluoride kahi mea kaulana o ka enzyme disruptor
Hoʻohui ʻia, ua paʻi ʻia kahi loiloi ma
Ua hāʻawi ʻo 2012 i kahi hōʻike kikoʻī no nā makaʻi o ka hopena o ka fluoride ma nā hunaola: "Hoʻoulu ia
aneane ʻike ʻia nā ala hōʻailona intracellular āpau e like me nā protein G-hilinaʻi ʻia,
nā caspases, a me nā mitochondria- a me nā mīkini e pili ana i ka make e pili ana, a me nā mea e hoʻoulu ai i kahi pae
o nā hoʻololi metabolic a me ka transcription, me ka hōʻike o kekahi apoptosis-pili
nā genes, e alakaʻi ana i ka make cell. ”346
ʻO ka wikiwiki no ka toxine fluoride e ʻike ākea ākea ʻia e kahi 2005
ka puke paʻi nona ka inoa "Ka ʻawa o Fluoride: kahi pāʻina me nā ʻāpana huna." Mea kākau ʻo Phyllis J.
Ua hoʻomaka ʻo Mullenix, PhD, i ka ʻatikala, i hōʻike hapa ʻia ma ke Kulanui ʻAmelika o
Toxicology Symposium, e ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo: “He mōʻaukala o nā wehewehe enigmatic o ka lāʻau make fluoride
i loko o nā puke lapaʻau ua ʻae iā ia e lilo i kekahi o ke kuhi hewa ʻole, kuhi hewa ʻole,
a hōʻike hewa i nā pilikia olakino i United States i kēia lā. "347
I ka heluhelu ʻana i ka Paukū 7 ma mua e pili ana i nā hōʻike i fluoride, ʻike maopopo ʻia ka nui o ka noi hou e koi ʻia ai ma mua o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi pae "palekana" no nā hōʻike fluoride. ʻO kēia nele o nā hōʻike i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i kēia manawa. ʻO ka nele o ka hōʻike ka mea nui i ka mea i ʻike mua ʻia e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o ke kanaka i ka fluoride, keu hoʻi e pili ana i kāna "pōmaikaʻi" i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā caries.
Paukū 8.1: Ka nele o ka hoʻokō
Hoʻohui ʻia ka fluoride i nā toothpastes a me nā huahana mea kūʻai aku no ka mea ua hōʻemi ʻia nā caries niho. ʻO nā pōmaikaʻi i manaʻo ʻia o kēia ʻano fluoride e pili ana i kāna hana ma ka niho o ke kāohi ʻana i ka hanu ʻana o nā maʻi o Streptococcus mutans, ʻo ke koʻohune e hoʻohuli i ke kō a me nā starches i loko o kahi acidic sticky e hoʻopau i ka enamel. 504 o nā niho e hana i kahi fluorohydroxyapatite (FHAP a i ʻole FAP), a ʻo ka hopena o kēia hana i ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻonui ʻia ka remineralization a hoʻemi ʻia ka demineralization o nā niho. ʻOiai ke kākoʻo ʻepekema no kēia ʻano hana o fluoride, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nō hoʻi ka hana ʻana o ka fluoride e hoʻoliʻiliʻi loa i ka palaho o nā niho (ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻānai ʻana iā ia i nā niho me kahi niho niho), i kūʻē i ka ʻōnaehana (ʻo ka inu ʻana a me ke komo ʻana i ka fluoride ma o ka wai. aiʻole nā kumu ʻē aʻe) .505
ʻOiai ua hōʻike akāka ʻia nā pōmaikaʻi kumuhana o ka fluoride i loko o nā puke ʻepekema, ua nīnau pū kekahi me kekahi noiʻi e pili ana i kēia mau pono. ʻO kahi laʻana, ua wehewehe nā mea noiʻi mai ke Kulanui o Massachusetts Lowell i kekahi mau hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā hoʻohana kumuhana o ka fluoride i kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma ka Ka Puke Hoʻohālikelike Hoʻopaʻa Hana ʻIke ma 2006. Ma hope o ke kuhikuhi ʻana i kahi noi 1989 mai ka National Institute of Dental Research i loaʻa iki. ʻokoʻa nā keiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka fluoride a me ka poʻe ʻaʻole i loaʻa ka fluoride, ua kuhikuhi nā mea kākau i nā noiʻi ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka lua ma nā ʻāina ʻoihana me ka hoʻohana ʻole ʻia o fluoride. 506 ka palaho nui loa o ka palaho niho ma ka US) a i ʻole ka pale ʻana i ka palaho niho ʻōmole pēpē (i laha i nā kaiāulu ʻilihuna) .507
Ma ke ʻano he laʻana ʻē aʻe, ua noiʻi hou ʻia nā noiʻi mua e kākoʻo i ka fluoridation wai ma ke ʻano he mea e hōʻemi ai i nā caries niho, a ua ʻike ʻia ka mana o nā ʻikepili hoʻopunipuni. I ka mua, ʻo ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o nā niho deciduous (DFT) i hōʻiliʻili a hōʻiliʻili ʻia i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka noiʻi i unuhi ʻia ma ke ʻano he hōʻoia no ka pono o ka fluoridation wai. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻimi ʻia e Dr. John A. Yiamouyiannis ma hope o ka noiʻi ʻana ua hiki i ka fluoridation wai ke hana no ka lohi o ka hū ʻana o nā niho. 508 Pēlā ka hopena o ka hū ʻana no ka liʻiliʻi o nā niho a no laila, ka nele o ka palaho, ʻo ia hoʻi ka helu haʻahaʻa o DFT kumu maoli ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻole o nā niho i kū ʻole i ka hopena o ka fluoride i nā caries niho.
Ua nīnau kekahi mau laʻana ʻē aʻe i nā puke ʻepekema i ka hoʻohana ʻana o fluoride i mea e pale aku ai i ka pala o nā niho. Ua hōʻoia ka loiloi 2014 i ka hopena anti-caries o ka fluoride i ka calcium a me ka magnesium i loko o ka enamel niho akā ʻo ka hana remineralization i ka enamel niho ʻaʻole pili ia i ka fluoride. 509 Ua paʻi ʻia ka noiʻi ma 2010 i ka manaʻo o "fluoride e hoʻoikaika nei i nā niho" ʻaʻole hiki ke manaʻo ʻia he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi i ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā caries e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana o fluoride.510 Eia kekahi, ua ʻōlelo ʻia e noiʻi he liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka fluoride ʻōnaehana i nā niho, 511 512 a ua hāʻawi pū kekahi nā mea noiʻi i ka ʻikepili e pili ana i ka fluorosis niho. (ʻo ka hōʻailona mua o ka maʻi koʻohau fluoride513) ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma nā kaiāulu o US me ka wai fluoridated e kūʻē i nā mea me ka ʻole.
Hōʻike kekahi mau hōʻike ʻē aʻe i ka wā e ulu ana nā ʻāina, piʻi ka nui o ka palaho i ka heluna lehulehu i ka piko o ʻehā a ʻewalu palaho, nalo, a piha paha nā niho (i nā makahiki 1960) a laila hōʻike i kahi hōʻemi nui (nā pae o kēia lā), me ka nānā ʻole i ka fluoride. hoʻohana. Ua kuhiakau ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻemaʻe o ka waha, ke komo ʻana i nā lawelawe pale, a me ka ʻike hou aku i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole o ke kō i ke kumu o ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻike ʻia o ka pala o nā niho. ʻO nā kumu āpau, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ua kū kēia ʻano o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā niho me ka ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana ʻōnaehana o ka wai fluoridated, 515 no laila ke ʻike ʻia nā kumu ʻē aʻe ma mua o ka fluoride i hoʻololi i kēia loli. Hōʻike ka helu 2 ma lalo i nā loli palaho niho e nā ʻāina fluoridated a me nā ʻole fluoridated mai 1955-2005.
Kiʻi 2: ʻO nā hana palaho niho ma nā ʻāina Fluoridated a Unfluoridated, 1955-2005
Pili kekahi mau manaʻo ʻē aʻe i kēlā me kēia hoʻoholo e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluoride e pale ai i nā caries. ʻO ka mea mua, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole he mea nui ka fluoride no ka ulu a me ka ulu ʻana o ke kanaka.516 ʻO ka lua, ua ʻike ʻia ka fluoride kekahi o 12 mau kemika ʻoihana "ʻike ʻia e hoʻokumu i nā neurotoxicity ulu i nā kānaka." 517 Ua kāhea ʻo Dental Association (ADA) i kahi noiʻi hou aku ma 2013 e pili ana i ka hana o ka hana fluoride a me nā hopena.
Pono nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā fluoride kumuhana āpau e hoʻoholo i kā lākou ʻano hana a me nā hopena cary-preventive i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai i ka pae o ka fluoride background (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka wai fluoridated a me ka toothpaste fluoride) ma United States. ʻO nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā hoʻolālā no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluoride e hoʻoulu ai i ka hopu a hoʻohuli paha i ka holomua o nā caries, a me ka hopena kikoʻī o ka fluoride e pili ana i nā niho ʻā, pono pū kekahi. 518
Paukū 8.2: Ka nele o nā hōʻike
Nā kūmole i ke kuhi ʻole o nā pae i loaʻa ai nā hopena o ka fluoride i ka ʻōnaehana kanaka i loko o kēia pepa kūlana. Eia nō naʻe, he mea nui e haʻi hou i ka nele o nā hōʻike e pili ana i ka hoʻohana fluoride, a no laila, hāʻawi ka Papa 4 i kahi papa inoa pōkole o nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo koʻikoʻi mai nā aupuni, ʻepekema, a me nā luna pili e pili ana i nā pilikia a me nā kānalua e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā huahana fluoridated.
Papa 4: Nā koho i wae ʻia e pili ana i nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo Fluoride i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e ka Huahana / Kaʻina a me ke Kumu
| PALAPALA / HANA PALAPALA | QUOTE / S | KUMU O NĀ HOU |
|---|---|---|
| Fluoride no nā hana niho, me ka fluoridation wai | "ʻO ka laha ʻana o nā caries niho i ka heluna kanaka ʻaʻole ia i pili pili i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka fluoride i ka enamel, a ʻo kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka enamel fluoride ʻaʻole ia e ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi i ka pale ʻana i nā niho niho." "Kakaikahi nā noiʻi e loiloi ana i ka maikaʻi o ka toothpaste fluoride, gel, holoi, a me varnish i waena o nā poʻe mākua." | Nā kikowaena no ka mālama ʻana a me ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi (CDC). Kohn WG, Maas WR, Malvitz DM, Presson SM, Shaddik KK. Nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluoride e pale a kāohi i nā caries niho ma United States. Hōʻike Makahiki Morbidity a me ka make ʻana: Nā ʻōlelo paipai a me nā hōʻike. 2001 ʻAuk 17: i-42. |
| Hoʻokomo i ka papa kuhikuhi papaʻai: ʻAno ʻia nā papaʻai meaʻai a me nā ʻai pono | "Ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, aia ka ʻae a me ke kōmike he hōʻike ʻepekema ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana hiki i ka fluoride ke hoʻonāwaliwali i ka iwi a hoʻonui i ka hopena o nā haki." | ʻAha ʻImi ʻImi Aupuni. Fluoride i ka wai inu: He loiloi ʻepekema o nā kūlana o EPA. ʻO ka National Academies Press: Wakinekona, DC 2006. |
| Fluoride i ka wai inu | "ʻO ka pahu hopu pae Maximum Contaminant Level (MCLG) i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka fluoride i ka wai inu he zero." | Carton RJ. ʻO ka loiloi o ka Hōʻike ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻImi ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa 2006: Fluoride i ka Wai inu. Fluoride. 2006 Jul 1; 39 (3): 163-72. |
| Hoʻoulu wai | "He pilina paʻakikī ka pili ʻana o ka fluoride e pili ana i nā caries niho a hoʻonui paha i ka caries o nā niho i nā keiki hānai ʻole ma muli o ka pau ʻana o ka calcium a me ka hypoplasia enamel ..." | ʻO Peckham S, ʻo Awofeso N. ʻO ka wai fluoridation: kahi loiloi koʻikoʻi o nā hopena physiological o ka lawe ʻia fluoride ma ke ʻano he kōkua olakino lehulehu. ʻO ka Scientific World Journal. 2014 Pepeluali 26; 2014. |
| Fluoride i nā huahana niho, nā meaʻai, a me nā wai inu | "Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā huahana niho fluoridated a me ka ʻai ʻana o nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu i hana ʻia me ka wai fluoridated ua hoʻonui ʻia mai ka manawa a TSS i ʻōlelo ai i nā pae maikaʻi loa no ka fluoridation, nui paha ka poʻe i kēia manawa i hōʻike ʻia i ka nui o ka fluoride ma mua o ka mea i manaʻo ʻia." | ʻO Tiemann M. Fluoride i ka wai inu: he loiloi i nā pilikia fluoridation a me nā rula. BiblioGov. 2013 Apr 5. PūʻuluʻImiʻImiʻImiʻImiʻImiʻIho. |
| Loaʻa ka fluoride i nā keiki | "ʻO ka lawe ʻana ʻo ka fluoride ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi loa 'ia no nā makahiki he iwakālua ma waena o 0.05 a me 0.07 mg fluoride i kēlā me kēia kilokilo o ke kaumaha o ke kino akā kau ʻia ia ma nā hōʻike ʻepekema palena." "Kuhi kēia mau hopena i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kūlana caries-free ke pili iki paha me ka lawe ʻana o ka fluoride, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka hilinaʻi o ka fluorosis i ka lawe ʻana i ka fluoride." | Warren JJ, Levy SM, Broffitt B, Cavanaugh JE, Kanellis MJ, Weber-Gasparoni K. Nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka lawe fluoride maikaʻi loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā fluorosis niho a me nā hopena caries o ka niho – kahi loiloi lōʻihi. Ka Nūpepa o Dentistry Health Public. 2009 Malaki 1; 69 (2): 111-5. |
| Hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo Fluoride i nā mea hoʻihoʻi niho (ie hoʻopiha niho) | "Akā naʻe, ʻaʻole ia i hōʻoia ʻia e nā noiʻi ha awina prospective inā hiki ke hoʻoliʻiliʻi nui ʻia nā hanana caries lua e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka fluoride o nā mea hoʻihoʻi. " | ʻO Wiegand A, Buchalla W, Attin T.Review e pili ana i nā mea fluoride-hoʻokuʻu i nā mea hou - fluoriderelease a me uptakecharacteristics, antibacterialactivity a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka cariesformation. Nā Niho Pono. 2007 Mar 31; 23 (3): 343-62. |
| Kahua niho mea: kālā diamine fluoride | "Ma muli o ka mea hou o ka silver diamine fluoride i ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa niho niho ʻAmelika a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa niho, pono ʻia no kahi kulekele kulekele maʻamau, ka protocol, a me ka ʻae." "ʻAʻole maopopo leʻa ka mea e hana inā kū ʻia ka lapaʻau ma hope o 2-3 mau makahiki a pono ka noiʻi." | ʻO Horst JA, ʻo Ellenikiotis H, ʻo Milgrom PM, ʻo ke kōmike hopu ʻo UCSF Silver Caries. Pūnaewele UCSF no ka hopu ʻo Caries me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Silver Diamine Fluoride: kumu kūpono, nā hōʻike, a me ka ʻae. Ka Nupepa o ka California Dental Association. 2016 Ian; 44 (1): 16. |
| ʻO fluoride kumuhana no ka hoʻohana niho | "He pae haʻahaʻa kā ka panela o maopopo e pili ana i ka pono o 0.5 pakeneka pilika fluoride a gel paha ma nā niho mau o nā keiki a ma nā caries aʻa no ka mea aia he mau ʻikepili e pili ana i ka hoʻohana home ʻana o kēia mau huahana. " "Pono ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka pono a me nā pilikia o nā huahana kikoʻī i nā ʻano aʻe: nā noi ponoʻī, kauka kuhikuhi, nā gel fluoride hoʻohana home, nā niho niho a i ʻole nā kulu; 2 pākēneka i noi 'ia no sodium gel fluoride gel; ʻōnaehana lawe lawe ʻokoʻa, e like me ka huʻa; nā alapine noi pono no ka varnish fluoride a me nā gels; nā noi noi hoʻokahi minuke o APF gel; a me nā hui pū ʻana o nā huahana (hoʻohana home a hoʻohana ʻia me ka ʻoihana). " | Weyant RJ, Tracy SL, Anselmo TT, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Donly KJ, Frese WA, Hujoel PP, Iafolla T, Kohn W, Kumar J, Levy SM. ʻO ka fluoride kumuhana no ka pale ʻana i nā caries: hōʻuluʻulu mana o nā ʻōlelo hōʻoia a me ke kākoʻo ʻōnaehana loiloi. Pai o ka American Dental Association. 2013; 144 (11): 1279-1291. |
| Fluoride "kumukanawai" (papa) | "Hōʻike ʻole nā manaʻo like ʻole ma waena o nā hopena i ka palena o ka pono o nā papala fluoride." | ʻO Tomasin L, Pusinanti L, Zerman N. ʻO ke kuleana o nā papa fluoride i loko o ka prophylaxis o nā niho niho. He loiloi puke. Annali diStomatologia. 2015 Ian; 6 (1): 1. |
| Nā lāʻau lapaʻau, fluorine i ka lāʻau | "ʻAʻole hiki i kekahi ke wānana i ka mea e hana ʻia i loko o ke kino o ke kanaka ma hope o ka lawelawe ʻana i nā mea fluorinated." | Strunecká A, Patočka J, Connett P.Fluorine i ka lāʻau. ʻO Biofedicine noi ʻia ʻo Journalof. 2004; 2: 141-50. |
| Ka wai inu me nā mea poly- a me nā perfluoroalkyl (PFASs) | "ʻO ka inu ʻana i ka wai me ka poly- a me ka perfluoroalkyl (PFASs) he mea ia e pilikia ai ka ulu ʻana, pale ʻole, metabolic, a me ke olakino endocrine o nā mea kūʻai." "… ʻO ka ʻike e pili ana i ka wai inu PFAS hōʻike no ka nele no kahi hapakolu o ka heluna US." | Hu XC, Andrews DQ, Lindstrom AB, Bruton TA, Schaider LA, Grandjean P, Lohmann R, Carignan CC, Blum A, Balan SA, Higgins CP. ʻIke i nā mea Poly-a Perfluoroalkyl (PFASs) i ka wai inu inu o US e pili ana i nā wahi ʻoihana, nā wahi hoʻomaʻamaʻa ahi ahi, a me nā mea kanu hoʻomaʻamaʻa Wastewater. ʻO nā leka ʻepekema a me nā leka uila. 2016 ʻOkakopa 11 |
| ʻO ka hōʻike ʻana i ka hana i ka fluoride a me ka maʻi kūpau fluoride | "ʻO ka loiloi i ka ʻike i hoʻopuka ʻole ʻia e pili ana i nā hopena o ka hopena maʻamau o fluoride a me fluorine hōʻike i ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā pae hana i kēia manawa i ka pale kūpono ʻole. " | ʻO Mullenix PJ. Lāʻau Fluoride: kahi pāhaʻi me nā ʻāpana huna. Ka Nūpepa' Internationallelo Ola Ola Ola. 2005 Okakopa 1; 11 (4): 404-14 |
| ʻO ka loiloi i nā kūlana palekana no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā fluorine a me nā fluorides | "Inā mākou e noʻonoʻo wale i ka pili o ka fluoride no ka calcium, e hoʻomaopopo mākou i ka hiki loa o ka fluoride e hōʻino i nā hunaola, nā ʻōpala, nā gland, a me nāʻaʻaʻa." | ʻO Prystupa J. Fluorine — he loiloi puke i kēia manawa. ʻO kahi loiloi NRC a me ATSDR e pili ana i nā kūlana palekana no ka hōʻike ʻana i nā fluorine a me nā fluorides. Nā Hana Toxicology a me nā Hana. 2011 Peb 1; 21 (2): 103-70. |
Paukū 8.3: Ka nele o nā loina
ʻO kekahi hopohopo nui e pili ana i ka hōʻike fluoride mai ka wai inu a me nā meaʻai e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o nā fluoride i hoʻohana ʻia i nā lako wai kaiāulu. Wahi a nā Centers for Disease Control and Prevent (CDC), ʻekolu mau ʻano fluoride e hoʻohana mau ʻia no ka wai fluoridation kaiāulu:
- ʻO ka Fluorosilicic acid: kahi hopena wai e hoʻohana ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana wai i United States. Kāhea ʻia ʻo Fluorosilicic acid e like me hydrofluorosilicate, FSA, a i ʻole HFS.
- ʻO ka Fluorosilicic acid: kahi hopena wai e hoʻohana ʻia e ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana wai i United States. Kāhea ʻia ʻo Fluorosilicic acid e like me hydrofluorosilicate, FSA, a i ʻole HFS.
- ʻO Sodium fluorosilicate: kahi mea maloʻo maloʻo, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi hopena ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i ka wai. € Sodium fluoride: kahi mea maloʻo maloʻo, hoʻohana mau ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana wai liʻiliʻi, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi hopena ma mua o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana i ka wai. 519
Ua kupu aʻe ka hoʻopaʻapaʻa ma luna o nā pilina ʻenehana i kēia mau mea hoʻohui. Ua wehewehe ka CDC ua hoʻomehana ʻia ka pōhaku phosporite me ka waikawa sulfuric e hana i 95% o ka waikawa fluorosilicic i hoʻohana ʻia i ka fluoridation wai.520 Ua wehewehe hou aku ka CDC: "Ma muli o ka hoʻolako ʻia ʻana o nā huahana fluoride e pili ana i ka hana ʻana i ka momona phosphate, hiki i ka huahana huahana fluoride ke 521 Ua hōʻike ākea ʻia kahi palapala aupuni mai Austraia mai ʻo ka hydrofluosilicic acid, ka sodium silicofluoride a me ka sodium fluoride i loaʻa pinepine ʻia mai nā mea hana momona phosphate. "522 palekana ua nīnau nā mea kākoʻo no ka hōʻike fluoride inā pili pono kēlā ʻano ʻoihana a inā pili ka ʻoihana me kēia mau kemika i ka uhi ʻana i nā hopena olakino i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka fluoride.
ʻO kekahi pilikia pili pono e kū aʻe me ia ʻoihana e pili ana ʻo ia nā pūʻulu loaʻa kālā e like me ka wehewehe ʻana i nā koi e ulu nei o ka noiʻi ʻoi loa o ka hōʻike "ʻoi loa", a i kēia manawa, lilo ka ʻepekema kūlike ʻole i paʻakikī e hoʻopukapuka, hana, paʻi, a hoʻolaha. ʻO kēia no ka mea he kumukūʻai nui ke kālā ʻana i kahi noiʻi nui ʻana, akā hiki i nā ʻoihana ʻenehana ke kākoʻo maʻalahi i kā lākou mea noiʻi ponoʻī. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻolilo i ka manawa e nānā ai i nā ala like ʻole o ka hōʻike ʻana i ka ʻikepili (e like me ka waiho ʻana i kekahi mau helu helu e loaʻa ai kahi hopena maikaʻi aʻe), a hiki iā lākou ke uku hou e hoʻolaha i kekahi ʻano o ka noiʻi e kākoʻo ana i kā lākou hana. Minamina, ua hōʻike ʻia ka mōʻaukala i hiki i nā hui ʻoihana ke hoʻoluhi i nā ʻepekema kūʻokoʻa i mea e hoʻopau ai i kā lākou hana inā hōʻike kēlā hana i ka ʻino i hana ʻia e nā mea haumia ʻino a me nā mea haumia.
ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua ʻike ʻia kēia hanana ʻepekema kaulike ʻole i ka noiʻi fluoride. ʻO nā mea kākau o kahi loiloi i paʻi ʻia i ka Scientific World Journal ma 2014 i wehewehe ʻia: "ʻOiai ua lilo ka fluoridation ʻino o nā lako wai i kumumanaʻo olakino lehulehu lehulehu mai ka wā i hoʻolauna ʻia ai. nā ʻatikala o ka fluoridation wai kaiāulu i nā puke pai niho a me nā puke ola kino lehulehu. ”523
Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i kahi hakakā o ka hoihoi ke pili pololei i nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka hōʻike ʻana i ka papaʻai i nā hui perfluorinated (PFCs). I loko o kahi ʻatikala i paʻi ʻia ma 2012, ua noiʻi ʻia e nā ʻāina e pili ana i ka lawe ʻana i ka meaʻai mai nā PFC. Ua hōʻike ka mea kākau i ka palena palena loa o ka ʻikepili mai ka US, ʻo ia wale nō kahi puke 2010 i hoʻopuka ʻia e kekahi mau mea noiʻi kālaiʻike ʻAmelika, a ʻo kahi anana i kākoʻo ʻia e 3M i lilo i noiʻi mua ma mua o ka paʻi 2010. o nā meaʻai i loaʻa nā pae haumia ma lalo o ka ʻike.) 524 Eia nō naʻe, hana nā mea noiʻi kālaiʻike i nā mea ʻokoʻa ma mua o ka hōʻike 3M a kākau i loko o kā lākou puke 2010: "ʻOiai nā pāpā huahana, ua loaʻa iā mākou nā POP [nā mea haumia i hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia] i nā meaʻai a US, a me nā huikau o kēia mau mea hoʻopau ʻia nā kemika e ka lehulehu ʻAmelika ma nā pae like ʻole. Hōʻike kēia i ka pono e hoʻonui i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā meaʻai no nā mea hoʻoweliweli kemikala. ”525
Ua ʻike ʻia nā hakakā o ka hoihoi e komo i loko nā keʻena aupuni e pili ana i ka hoʻoponopono kemika ʻino. ʻO kahi ʻatikala Newsweek 2014 na Zoë Schlanger i kapa ʻia "Maikaʻi ka ʻoihana EPA ke nānā nei i nā pilikia kemika?" ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻōlelo a ke kaiaolaola ʻo Michelle Boone i ʻōlelo ʻia "" a i ʻole ka hapanui o nā ʻike i hoʻohana ʻia i nā loiloi weliweli e hiki mai ka noiʻi i hoʻolako ʻia e nā ʻoihana, ʻoiai me nā [hakakā hakakā]. "526
Hoʻomaopopo maʻalahi ʻia he hakakā koʻikoʻi ka ʻoihana niho me ka fluoride no ka mea e loaʻa nā waiwai e nā ʻoihana e hoʻopuka i nā huahana kahua niho fluoride. Hoʻohui ʻia, hiki i nā kaʻina hana e pili ana i ka fluoride i lawelawe ʻia e ka dentist a me nā limahana niho hiki ke loaʻa kālā no nā keʻena niho, 527 528 a ua hāpai ʻia nā nīnau kūpono e pili ana i ka hoʻokau ʻana i kēia mau hana fluoride i nā maʻi.
E pili ana i nā loina o nā hana olakino a me nā hana niho, pono e noʻonoʻo pū ʻia kahi pōhaku kihi o ke kulekele olakino lehulehu i ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻomalu. ʻO ke kumu kumu o kēia kulekele i kūkulu ʻia ma luna o ka hoʻohiki olakino kenekulia i "mua, mai hana ʻino." Eia nō naʻe, ke kākoʻo maoli ʻia nei ka palapala noi o ke kumu hoʻomalu e ka ʻaelike kūwaho.
I Ianuali 1998, ma kahi ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina e pili ana i nā ʻepekema, nā loio, nā mea hana kulekele, a me nā mea hana kaiapuni mai US, Kanada a me ʻEulopa, ua kau inoa ʻia kahi ʻōlelo i hoʻokumu ʻia a lilo ʻia i inoa ʻo "Wings nyebar Statement on the Precautionary Principle." 530 I loko ona, ka Hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo aʻe: "Ke hoʻāla kahi hana i nā ʻōlelo hoʻoweliweli o ka hōʻeha i ke olakino kanaka a i ʻole ke kaiapuni, pono e mālama ʻia nā hana inā ʻaʻole i hoʻokumu paʻa ʻia kahi pilina a me nā hopena ʻepekema. I kēia pōʻaiapili, ʻo ka mea e kākoʻo ana i kahi hana, ma mua o ka lehulehu, pono e hāpai i ka hōʻike o ka hōʻoia. "531
ʻAʻole he mea kupanaha, ua pili ka pono no ka noi kūpono o ke ʻano palekana i ka hoʻohana ʻia o fluoride. Nā mea kākau o kahi ʻatikala 2006 i kapa ʻia "He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo hoʻomalu no ke kahua niho kahua paʻa?" ua manaʻo ʻia e pono e hōʻike i nā hōʻike kumulative mai nā kumuwaiwai fluoride āpau a me ka loli lehulehu, ʻoiai e ʻōlelo nei e hiki i nā mea kūʻai ke piʻi i nā pae fluoridation "maikaʻi loa" me ka inu ʻole ʻole i ka wai fluoridated.532 Eia kekahi, ua noiʻi nā mea noiʻi o kahi loiloi i paʻi ʻia ma 2014 i ke kuleana no ka mālama pono. pili i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka fluoride, a ua lawe lākou i kēia kumumanaʻo i kahi ʻanuʻu aʻe i ka manawa a lākou e ʻōlelo nei i ko mākou ʻike hou o nā niho niho "hoʻoliʻiliʻi i kekahi kuleana nui no ka fluoride i ka pale ʻana i nā caries." 533
Nā Mea kākau Pepa Kūlana Fluoride
ʻO Kauka Jack Kall, DMD, FAGD, MIAOMT, he hoa o ka Academy of General Dentistry a he Pelekikena mua o ka mokuna Kentucky. He Kumu Accredited ʻo ia o ka International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology (IAOMT) a mai ka makahiki 1996 ua lawelawe ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he Luna Hoʻokele o kāna 'Papa Luna Hoʻokele. Ke lawelawe nei ʻo ia ma ka Papa Kūkākūkā o ka Bioregulatory Medical Institute (BRMI). He lālā ʻo ia o ka Institute for Functional Medicine and American Academy for Oral Systemic Health.
Ua loaʻa iā Dr. Griffin Cole, MIAOMT kāna Mastership ma ka International Academy of Oral Medicine and Toxicology i ka makahiki 2013 a ua kākau ʻo ia i ka Brochure Fluoridation a ka Academy a me ka manaʻo ʻepekema ʻepekema ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Ozone i ka lāʻau aʻa. He Pelekikena mua ʻo ia o ka IAOMT a lawelawe ʻo ia ma ka Papa Hoʻokele, ke Kōmike Mentor, ke Kōmike Fluoride, ke Kōmike Kūkākūkā a ʻo ia ka Luna Hoʻokele Fundamentals Course.
Ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻo Kauka David Kennedy i ka niho niho no nā makahiki he 30 a ua haʻalele ʻo ia mai ka hana lapaʻau ma 2000. ʻO ia ka Pelekikena mua o ka IAOMT a ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā kauka niho a me nā ʻoihana olakino ʻē aʻe a puni ka honua e pili ana i nā kumuhana o ke olakino niho preventive, mercury toxicity, a me ka fluoride. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Kauka Kennedy ma ke ao holoʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano he kākoʻo no ka wai inu palekana, lāʻau lapaʻau olaola a he alakaʻi i ʻike ʻia ma ke kahua o ka mālama niho pale. ʻO Kauka Kennedy ka mea kākau a me ke alakaʻi o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni palapala lanakila lanakila ʻo Fluoridegate.
